Software features

Interoperable

Maintainable

Portable

Reliable, Reusable, Robust - handling invalid inputs, unexpected user behaviour

Scalable

Usable


Challenges

Tight Deadlines

frequent change in requirements 

inadequate requirements

Environment Issues

Automation Challenges

Technological advancments

need to gain cross functional knowledge

setting priorities for testing 

in-sprint automation - application stability, there is no separate environment for automation, 

page dom structure will change frequently - a -> span -> div

object identification - objects identified with the given locator, but during run time they are not identified

handling synchronization - network speed, application performance

on clicking a link it is redirecting different urls through manual and automation

1. Handling Dynamic Elements (Changing IDs, XPaths, and Attributes)

🔴 Challenge:

  • Elements may have dynamically generated IDs or change frequently (e.g., id="element-12345" changes on every page load).
  • XPath or CSS selectors may not be stable.

✅ Solution:

  • Use dynamic XPath with contains(), starts-with(), or text() functions:
  • Prefer CSS Selectors over absolute XPaths.
  • Use Explicit Waits to ensure the element is loaded before interacting with it
  •  

  •  2. Handling Pop-ups & Alerts

  • 🔴 Challenge:

  • Unexpected pop-ups (JavaScript alerts, authentication pop-ups) interrupt automation.
  • Selenium may fail to interact with browser-based alerts.

✅ Solution:

  • Use Selenium’s switch_to.alert to handle alerts:
  • For authentication pop-ups, pass credentials in the URL:

3. Synchronization Issues (Timing Issues / Page Load Delays)

🔴 Challenge:

  • Elements may take time to load, causing NoSuchElementException.
  • Using Thread.sleep() slows tests and makes them unreliable.

✅ Solution:

  • Use Explicit Waits instead of hard-coded sleeps:
  • Use Implicit Waits globally.

4. Cross-Browser Compatibility Issues

🔴 Challenge:

  • A test may pass in Chrome but fail in Firefox, Edge, or Safari due to rendering differences.

✅ Solution:

  • Run tests on multiple browsers using Selenium Grid:
  • Use headless mode for faster execution in CI/CD:
  •  
  •  
  • Captcha & OTP Handling

  • 🔴 Challenge:

  • Captchas and OTPs are security features that block automation.

✅ Solution:

  • Bypass Captcha using test environments where it's disabled.
  • Use third-party Captcha solvers like Anti-Captcha or manual intervention.
  • For OTPs, fetch from database or email APIs (if test accounts are available).

6. Handling File Uploads & Downloads

🔴 Challenge:

  • Selenium cannot interact with OS-based file selection pop-ups directly.
  • File downloads may trigger system dialogs that Selenium can’t handle.

✅ Solution:

  • For file upload, use send_keys() to input file path:
  • For file download, configure browser settings to auto-download:
  •  
  • 7. Managing Test Data (Database & API Integration)

  • 🔴 Challenge:

  • Hardcoded test data is not reusable and can cause test failures if the data changes.

✅ Solution:

  • Use data-driven testing with Excel, CSV, or databases:
  • Integrate APIs to fetch real-time test data.
  • Use random data generators (Faker library in Python) for dynamic inputs.

Parallel Execution & Scalability Issues

🔴 Challenge:

  • Running multiple tests in parallel can lead to resource conflicts.
  • Selenium tests may be slow when running sequentially.

✅ Solution:

  • Use Threading or Selenium Grid for parallel execution:
  • Use TestNG (Java) or PyTest (Python) for parallel execution.

  • 9. Handling iFrames & Shadow DOM Elements

    🔴 Challenge:

  • Selenium cannot directly interact with elements inside iframe or shadow DOM.

✅ Solution:

  • Switch to iframe before interacting:
  •  Use JavaScript Executor to access shadow DOM:
  • shadow_root = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].shadowRoot", element)
  •  
  • 10. Integration with CI/CD Pipelines

  • 🔴 Challenge:

  • Running Selenium tests in Jenkins/GitHub Actions may fail due to browser driver issues.

✅ Solution:

  • Run tests in headless mode to avoid GUI dependency.
  • Use Docker + Selenium Grid for scalable execution in CI/CD:
    Selenium automation can be challenging in real-world scenarios, 
    but with best practices like dynamic waits, proper test data management, 
    and CI/CD integration, these issues can be mitigated. 


Estimations

Work Breakdown structure (WBS), 

Functional point analysis

Three point estimations -> (B+4M+W)/6, SD(Buffer) -> (W-B)/6

Agile - 1 story point -> 1-2 hrs, 2 strory ponts -> 2-4 hrs, 3 story points -> 4-8 hrs


Metrics

test covergage %, passed test case %, failed test case %, blocked test case %, defects accepted %, defect rejected %, defects deferred %

Product metrics - Defect density, 

Quality metrics - Customer satisfaction,

Process metrics

Project metrics


Black box Testing techniques - BVA, Equilance class partitioning, 

Sprint ceremonies - Backlog refinment session, Daily standup, Sprint Review, Sprint Retrospective

Test Plan - Objective, Test Scope, Testing types, Estimation Time lines, Resources, Deliverabales, Acceptance and Show stopper criteria

Master test plan, Testing level specific test plan, Test type specific test plan


Risks

Project schedule is too tight -> Set test priority for each of the test activity (mitigation plan)

Unplanned leaves - Cross functional knowledge (mitigation plan)


Tools -> ADO,  Jira, Rally, Test Director, ALM (Quality Centre)

Repos - SVN, Git

Best practices - Continuous improvement, Documentation, Team work and shared responsibility

Quality of test execution - Defect rejection ration, Defect leakage ratio


Difference between QA and QC

Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) are both important aspects of quality management, but they serve different purposes:

Quality Assurance (QA)

  • Focus: Preventing defects
  • Approach: Process-oriented
  • Goal: Ensuring that processes are in place to prevent errors
  • Activities:
    • Developing standards and procedures
    • Process audits
    • Training and documentation
    • Implementing quality management systems (QMS)
  • Example: Establishing guidelines for software development to prevent coding errors before testing.

Quality Control (QC)

  • Focus: Identifying defects
  • Approach: Product-oriented
  • Goal: Detecting and fixing errors in finished products
  • Activities:
    • Product inspections and testing
    • Defect identification and correction
    • Performance testing
    • Statistical sampling
  • Example: Testing a software application to identify and fix bugs before release.

Key Difference

  • QA is proactive (prevents defects by improving processes), while QC is reactive (detects defects after production).
  • QA ensures the process is correct, whereas QC ensures the product meets quality standards.

Would you like a more detailed comparison with examples from a specific industry?

 

Example Scenario: Developing a Banking App

Quality Assurance (QA) - Preventing Defects

  • A software company is developing an online banking application.
  • The QA team creates coding guidelines to ensure that security best practices are followed (e.g., input validation to prevent SQL injection).
  • The company conducts training for developers on secure coding practices.
  • The QA team implements an automated code review process to catch potential security flaws early.
  • They enforce a requirement that every feature must go through peer review before merging into the main codebase.

✅ Result: Fewer defects occur because processes are improved upfront.

Quality Control (QC) - Identifying and Fixing Defects

  • The QC team (testers) performs functional testing on the banking app.
  • During testing, they find that money transfers are failing when the amount exceeds a certain limit.
  • They log this issue in a bug tracking system, and the development team fixes it.
  • The QC team retests the feature to ensure the bug is resolved and no new defects are introduced.
  • They also perform user acceptance testing (UAT) to ensure customers can use the app without issues.

✅ Result: The app is free of major defects before release.

Key Takeaways in Software Development:

  • QA (Prevention): Defines processes to prevent errors (e.g., coding standards, training, peer reviews).
  • QC (Detection & Fixing): Tests the software to find and fix bugs before release.

 

 

Verification and Validation 

Verification vs. Validation

Both Verification and Validation are key components of quality assurance, but they focus on different aspects of the development process.

AspectVerificationValidation
DefinitionEnsures that the product is being built correctly (as per specifications, requirements, and design).Ensures that the right product is being built (meets user needs and intended purpose).
FocusProcess-orientedProduct-oriented
GoalTo check whether the system meets the design and technical requirements.To check whether the system meets business and user needs.
TypeStatic testing (without executing the product).Dynamic testing (executing the product).


1. Verification (Are we building the product right?)

Verification ensures that the software is being developed correctly according to specifications and design documents. It happens during the early stages of development.

Example:

  • A software development team is building an e-commerce website.
  • During the design phase, they conduct reviews of the requirement specification document to check if it correctly defines the features, such as user authentication, payment gateway integration, and order tracking.
  • The developers perform static code analysis to ensure that the code follows coding standards and best practices before testing.
  • A team lead conducts peer code reviews to check for logical errors before the code is merged into the main branch.

✅ Outcome: The software meets the defined technical and functional specifications before execution.

2. Validation (Are we building the right product?)

Validation ensures that the final product actually works as expected and meets user needs. It happens after development, during testing and deployment.

Example:

  • The e-commerce website is now fully developed and needs to be tested.
  • The QA team performs functional testing to verify that a user can log in, browse products, add items to the cart, and successfully complete a purchase.
  • System testing is conducted to check if the website performs well under different conditions (e.g., handling thousands of users at once).
  • User Acceptance Testing (UAT) is carried out by business stakeholders and a group of real users to ensure the website is user-friendly and meets their expectations.
  • Beta testing is done with selected customers to validate real-world usability before the official launch.

✅ Outcome: The website is fully functional, user-friendly, and meets customer expectations before release.

Summary in Software Development Terms:

  • Verification = Reviewing documents, designs, and code before execution.
  • Validation = Running and testing the actual software to ensure it works as expected.

Shift Left Testing

Shift Left Testing emphasizes testing early in the software development lifecycle (SDLC), primarily during the design and development phases. The goal is to detect and fix defects as early as possible to reduce costs and effort.

🔹 Key Characteristics:

  • Conducted during requirement analysis, design, and coding stages.

  • Uses unit testing, static code analysis, and API testing.

  • Helps in identifying bugs early, reducing rework.

  • Automated testing is commonly used.

🔹 Benefits:


✅ Faster bug detection and resolution
✅ Reduced cost of fixing defects
✅ Improved software quality
✅ Enhanced collaboration between developers and testers

🔹 Example Tools:

  • JUnit, NUnit (Unit Testing)

  • SonarQube (Static Code Analysis)

  • Selenium (Automated Testing)



Shift Right Testing

Shift Right Testing focuses on testing in production or near-production environments to ensure software reliability and performance under real-world conditions.

🔹 Key Characteristics:

  • Conducted after deployment in staging or production environments.

  • Uses A/B testing, chaos testing, canary releases, and monitoring.

  • Helps in identifying performance, security, and usability issues.

  • Involves real user feedback and observability.

🔹 Benefits:

✅ Ensures system stability in real-world scenarios
✅ Improves user experience by testing live behavior
✅ Helps in performance tuning and security hardening
✅ Allows for gradual deployment with canary testing

🔹 Example Tools:

  • Prometheus, Datadog (Monitoring)

  • Chaos Monkey (Chaos Testing)

  • Google Optimize (A/B Testing)

Key Differences

FeatureShift Left TestingShift Right Testing
FocusEarly-stage testingPost-deployment testing
GoalPrevent defects earlyEnsure reliability in production
When?During developmentAfter release (staging/production)
MethodsUnit testing, static analysisA/B testing, chaos engineering
Automation?Yes, CI/CD integratedYes, monitoring & observability
Key BenefitFaster bug detectionEnhanced real-world stability



A/B Testing: A Complete Guide

A/B Testing, also known as split testing, is a method used to compare two or more variations of a webpage, app feature, or software component to determine which one performs better based on user engagement and performance metrics.

How A/B Testing Works

1️⃣ Identify the Goal – Define what you want to improve (e.g., user engagement, conversion rate, click-through rate).
2️⃣ Create Variations – Develop two (or more) versions:

  • Version A (Control) – The original design or functionality.

  • Version B (Variant) – The modified design or functionality.
    3️⃣ Split Traffic – Randomly divide users into groups where each group interacts with one version.
    4️⃣ Measure Performance – Track key metrics (e.g., clicks, sign-ups, sales).
    5️⃣ Analyze Results – Use statistical analysis to determine which version is more effective.

Example Use Cases of A/B Testing

🔹 Web & UX Optimization:

  • Testing different button colors, CTA placements, or page layouts.

  • Example: Amazon changes its "Buy Now" button color to see if it increases sales.

🔹 Marketing Campaigns:

  • Comparing two email subject lines to check which gets higher open rates.

  • Example: A company tests "Flash Sale – 50% Off!" vs. "Exclusive Discount for You!"

🔹 App Development & Software Testing:

  • Testing different onboarding experiences in mobile apps.

  • Example: Netflix tests two different recommendation algorithms.

🔹 Feature Rollouts in Software Development (Shift Right Testing):

  • Testing a new UI feature with a small subset of users before full deployment.

  • Example: Facebook releases new design changes to 10% of users first.

Benefits of A/B Testing

✅ Data-Driven Decision Making – Helps make objective choices instead of relying on guesses.
✅ Improved User Engagement – Optimizes user experience based on real user behavior.
✅ Higher Conversion Rates – Ensures better ROI for businesses.
✅ Reduced Risk – Testing small changes before full implementation minimizes failure risk.

A/B Testing Tools

  • Google Optimize – Website A/B testing

  • Optimizely – Advanced experimentation platform

  • VWO (Visual Website Optimizer) – Web & app testing

  • Unbounce – Landing page testing

  • Firebase A/B Testing – For mobile app features

A/B Testing vs. Multivariate Testing

FeatureA/B TestingMultivariate Testing (MVT)
DefinitionTests two or more versionsTests multiple elements at once
ComplexitySimple (one change at a time)More complex (many combinations)
ExampleTesting two button colorsTesting button color + headline + image together
Best ForSmall changes with big impactComprehensive UI/UX optimizations

Final Thoughts

A/B Testing is a powerful way to optimize websites, apps, and software features. It’s widely used in marketing, UX design, and software development to improve performance with real user data.

Would you like a real-world example or a step-by-step implementation guide? 🚀